1632-1704
English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and the "Father of Liberalism"
Born: August 29, 1632, Wrington, Somerset, England
Died: October 28, 1704, High Laver, Essex, England
Education: Christ Church, Oxford
Profession: Philosopher, Physician, Political Theorist
Era: Enlightenment
Locke argued that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property that exist independently of government. These rights are inalienable and cannot be surrendered.
"The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions."
Locke's version of the social contract emphasizes consent and limited government. Individuals consent to form government to protect their natural rights, but retain the right to revolution if government violates the contract.
"The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another."
Locke advocated for government with limited powers, separated branches, and constitutional constraints. Government exists to protect rights, not to grant them.
"The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom."
Locke argued for religious tolerance and separation of church and state, believing that religious belief cannot be coerced and that government should not interfere in matters of conscience.
"The care of souls cannot belong to the civil magistrate, because his power consists only in outward force; but true and saving religion consists in the inward persuasion of the mind."
Locke's ideas directly influenced the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution. Thomas Jefferson drew heavily from Locke's natural rights theory and social contract ideas.
Locke's emphasis on individual rights, limited government, and consent of the governed became foundational principles of liberal democracy worldwide.
Locke's ideas about government structure and limitations influenced the development of constitutional government and the separation of powers.
Locke's natural rights theory provided the philosophical foundation for modern human rights concepts and international law.
Locke's ideas about consent and popular sovereignty continue to inform modern democratic theory and practice.
Locke's theory of property rights remains influential in debates about economic policy and wealth distribution.
Locke's arguments for religious toleration continue to be relevant in discussions about religious freedom and secular government.